I. Family and gender socialization

A. Identity: reflective self-conception or self-image derived from family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization processes

1. Social identity: includes cultural, ethnic, gender, social class, age, etc.

2. Personal identity: unique attributes associated with oneself

B. Family socialization and interaction patterns

1. Types of families

a. Traditional family: father-mother pair with child or children           

b. Extended family: extended kinship group (aunts, cousins, etc.)

c. Blended family: previous marriages merging into a new family

d. Single family: household headed by a single parent

2. Two family types in the family decision-making process

a. Personal family system: democratic system in which each family member is considered unique

b. Positional family system: authoritarian system in which roles are important (e.g., Children should obey their parents.)

C. Gender socialization and interaction patterns

1. Gender identity: meanings associated with images and expectations of femaleness and maleness

2. Gender-related behaviors learned in home, school, and games

II. Cultural-ethnic identity formation

A. Cultural identity conceptualization

1. Cultural identity: emotional significance one attaches to sense of belonging or affiliation with the larger culture

2. Value content: standards or expectations in mind when evaluating        

3. Cultural identity salience: affiliation strength with the larger culture

B. Ethnic identity conceptualization

1. Ethnic identity: subjective beliefs about origins of ones forebears

2. Ethnic value content: the value dimensions of a particular ethnicity

3. Ethnic identity salience: affiliation strength with group to which one has ancestral links

III. Group membership: intercultural boundary crossing

A. Defining acculturation and enculturation

1. Acculturation: incremental identity change in new environment

2. Enculturation: socialization process in original home culture

3. Bicultural: relates to both cultures of enculturation and acculturation

B. Social identity factors: two important elements

1. Knowledge of social group membership

2. Emotional significance: value placed on group membership

C. Systems-level factors: elements in host culture that influence adaptation

1. Socioeconomic conditions (good economy results in more tolerance)

2. Stance on cultural assimilation or cultural pluralism                    

a. Assimilationist: expects immigrants to conform quickly

b. Pluralistic: gives immigrants more leeway in adapting

3. Local institutions (schools, mass media): gives firsthand contact with members of host culture

4. Definition for role of strangers: may be intruders, visitors, or guests

D. Individual-level factors

1. Push factors (e.g., persecution) and pull factors (e.g., economic opportunity)

2. Cultural knowledge (geography, political system) and interaction-based knowledge (language, nonverbal styles, etc.) critical to adaptation

3. Demographic variables (age, educational level) affect adaptation

E. Interpersonal-ethnic media-level factors

1. Supportive social network: established locals serve as role models

2. Participation in dominant cultures activities: more favorable attitudes

3. Ethnic media eases loneliness and adaptive stress

4. Host media: teach language and socialization skills

IV. Ethnic-cultural identity change process

A. Ethnic-cultural identity typological model

1. Ethnic-oriented identity or traditional option: identifies strongly with ethnicity and weakly with dominant culture

2. Bicultural identity or integrative option: identifies strongly with both ethnicity and dominant culture                         

3. Assimilated identity option: identifies weakly with ethnicity and strongly with larger culture

4. Marginal identity state: disconnected ties with both ethnic group and larger society

B. Racial-ethnic identity development model

1. Pre-encounter stage: ethnic minority members self-concept influenced by values and norms of larger culture

2. Encounter stage: marginal identity stage in which new racial-ethnic realization is awakened due to racially shattering event (racism)

3. Immersion-emersion stage: strong racial-ethnic identity phase with high ethnic consciousness

4. Internalization stage: development of secure racial-ethnic identity and also genuine contact with dominant and other groups                

V. Intercultural toolkit: recaps and checkpoints

Discover identity issues by practicing the following communication skills:

A. Mindful listening: attend with ears, eyes, and a focused heart

B. Mindful paraphrasing skills: summarize and echo back interpretation

C. Perception-checking skills: interpret a speakers behavior, use questions

            D. Identity validation skills: recognize others identities, respond sensitively