Chapter 14

Continuing with our belief that students learn by example, here we explain the distinguishing concepts between informative and persuasive messages using actual student outlines for analysis. This chapter also provides pointers on delivery skills and suggestions on the use of presentational aids. --Dr. Matthew J. Smith, Author

Chapter 14: Presenting Informative and Persuasive Messages

Chapter Outline

I. Informative Messages

Informative messages provide information without necessarily trying to change attitudes, beliefs, or values. They require three kinds of effort.

Do your homework. Be sure your information is accurate.
Organize your material.

Spatial organization presents information according to physical placement.
Chronological organization presents information through time.
Topical organization presents information through logically related categories.

Use mnemonic devices to aid the memory.

II. Persuasive Messages

Persuasive messages try to create change in others.
People use arguments, persuasive statements backed with reasons, to change others. According to Aristotle, arguments have three dimensions:

Ethos, or source credibility, based on the audiences perceptions of the source of the message.
Pathos, or emotional appeals.
Logos, or logical appeals based on facts and systematic reasoning.

Source credibility includes testimonials (expert opinions) and bandwagon appeals to popularity.
Emotional appeals can be suspect if accompanied by coercion (threat of loss or violence).
Logical appeals use examples.

In deductive reasoning a generalization is stated and then supported by examples.
In inductive reasoning, examples lead to a generalization.

III. Delivery

Be as clear and confident as possible.

Dynamic Presence

Dynamic presence is the energy brought to a speech. If the speaker is not excited, the audience wont be either.

Body language

Nonverbal leakage can contradict the verbal message.

Control unnecessary movement.
Maintain good eye contact with the audience.

Presentational Aids

Focus attention on the message through presentational aids such as photographs, charts, recording, or objects.

Make sure everyone can see, hear, or touch it.
Make sure it illustrates your point.
Make sure equipment works.

Activity

Helpful Links!

The Persuasive Speech - For help creating persuasive speeches

The Census Bureau - A few stats may help to support your argument...

At Your Bookstore

Cialdinin, R.B. (1993).  Influence:  The Psychology of Persuasion.  New York:
     Morrow.
Silber, M. (1996).   Active Learning: 101 Stratecies to Teach Any Subject. 
     Boston:  Allyn& Bacon.