Student Study Guide
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Chapter 4: Learning
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Chapter 5: Learning
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Chapter 9: Learning
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Chapter 10: Learning
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Chapter 11: Learning
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Chapter 12: Learning
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Chapter 13: Learning
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Chapter 14: Learning
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Chapter 15: Learning
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Chapter 16: Learning
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Chapter 13: Crimes and Punishments: The Criminal Justice System
After reading Chapter 13, you should
be able to:
1. Explain the theoretical perspectives
on crime
2. Summarize crime in the United
States by interpreting the information on street crime, crime statistics,
and the various types of crime that concern American citizens
3. Discuss the issues related
to "crime in the suites"
4. Differentiate the juvenile
justice system from the adult system
5. Describe the roles, functions,
and goals of the criminal justice system
6. Analyze the problems involved
in insuring public safety in a democracy
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Capital Punishment
The death penalty.
Decriminalizing
Removing criminal penalties from minor
forms of drug use without actually legalizing that use.
Index Crimes
FBI tabulation of violent crimes: murder,
forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and property crimes burglary,
larceny, and auto theft.
Organizational Crime
Committed by white-collar employees
in the interests of their employing organization.
Organized Crime
Committed by members of organizations
engaged in illegal acts.
Plea Bargain
Negotiating with prosecutors for a
reduced charge.
Pyramid Scheme
A type of confidence game in which
newcomers provide funds to pay off those who entered earlier.
Recidivism
To become a repeat offender.
Status Offenses
Acts that are illegal for juveniles
but are not crimes if done by adults, such as running away from home.
Total Institutions
A setting in which residents are monitored
and controlled in all aspects of behavior, 24 hours a day.
Victimless Crimes
Illegal acts in which participants
engage willingly.
White-Collar Crime
Illegal acts committed by respectable
persons in the course of their employment for their own personal gain.
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Activity #1
In the newspaper or in a news magazine locate an article on three different types of crime discussed in this chapter. Attach your articles to this activity.
A. For each crime, find a theory
from this chapter or Chapter 3 which you believe best explains why the
crime was committed and explain why you feel the theory you chose is the
best to explain the crime.
B. For those individuals who
were sentenced, do you feel the sentences "fit the crime?" Why or why not?
Activity #2
State two sociological reasons why a society would have a death penalty and then two sociological reasons why a death penalty is irrelevant or counter-productive.
A. Why does a society institute
a death penalty?
B. Why is the death penalty irrelevant
or counterproductive?
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Multiple Choice
1. Laws __________.
a. never change
b. are applied equally to all
c. govern behavior essential
for group survival
d. differ from norms
2. In the FBI data, approximately
what percent of crimes are reported?
a. 75
b. 60
c. 50
d. 40
3. Which of the following is considered
an index crime?
a. robbery
b. prostitution
c. blackmail
d. stock market scams
4. Insider trading is an example
of which type of crime?
a. index crime
b. victimless crime
c. organized crime
d. white collar crime
5. The high U.S. homicide rate
has been linked to all of the following except __________.
a. availability of handguns
b. economic inequality
c. overcrowding
d. lack of a social safety net
6. Which of the following is a
status offense?
a. rape
b. truancy
c. prostitution
d. blackmail
7. Boot camps treat juvenile offenders
like __________.
a. adult offenders
b. students
c. military recruits
d. professional criminals
8. District attorneys are willing
to negotiate plea bargains because __________.
a. of the high volume of cases
b. it saves money
c. of staff shortages
d. the public approves of this
approach
9. According to Durkheim, public
punishment __________.
a. serves no purpose
b. has no impact on crime rates
c. unites the criminal with the
non-criminal
d. reaffirms the norms of society
10. The people arrested
and jailed tend to be predominantly __________.
a. immigrants
b. poor
c. non-violent
d. middle aged
11. Which of the following
is most likely to be the victim of street crimes?
a. the poor
b. the elderly
c. the wealthy
d. white females
12. Compared to modern industrial
societies, the U.S. homicide rate is __________.
a. significantly lower
b. the highest
c. comparable
d. higher for females only
13. Black and Latino juvenile
offenders receive harsh penalties for all of the following reasons except
__________.
a. stereotyping by court personnel
b. inadequate legal representation
c. lack of family resources
d. mandatory sentencing guidelines
14. Which of the following
statements about the war on drugs is not true?
a. It has reduced the use of
crack cocaine
b. It has focused on reducing
the overseas supply of drugs
c. Politicians are disgusted
with the program and wish to discontinue it
d. It has led to the development
of successful prevention programs
15. Prisons for female offenders
are very expensive to run because __________.
a. female prisoners are more
violent
b. women are more demanding
c. there are more women in prison
d. there are added costs relating
to child care services
16. The juvenile justice
system was created in the belief that __________.
a. juveniles commit few offenses
b. juveniles do not have the
same awareness of right and wrong as adults
c. juvenile justice must be swift
to deter further criminal acts
d. parents are responsible for
their children's behavior
17. Which of the following
is not a factor in producing occupational strain for police officers?
a. the hours are long and irregular
b. frustration arises from failing
to achieve lasting effects
c. there is a lack of respect
from public and press
d. police are often from a very
different racial or ethnic group than criminals
18. The rise in the imprisonment
rate is related to __________.
a. increase in violent crime
b. fewer pleas bargains
c. no "early release" policies
d. better policing
19. Prisons, mental hospitals,
and nursing homes are all examples of __________.
a. rehabilitation institutions
b. total institutions
c. privatized agencies
d. juvenile institutions
20. The majority of prison
populations are there because of __________.
a. white collar crime
b. homicide
c. robbery
d. drug related crimes
21. Recidivism means to
become __________.
a. rehabilitated
b. a repeat offender
c. repentant
d. reformed
22. When prisons are privatized
__________.
a. only union personnel are used
b. prisoners must remain within
the state
c. state governments hope to
save money
d. there is adequate public supervision
23. Capital punishment __________.
a. has been declared unconstitutional
by the Supreme Court
b. has always been part of the
U.S. judicial system
c. was temporarily banned until
states could develop uniform procedures
d. is a sure deterrent against
crime
24. Comparing the high U.S.
homicide rate with the low Canadian rate,
researchers concluded that the difference
was related to __________.
a. cultural variables
b. socio-economic status
c. availability of handguns
d. sentencing differences
25. Decriminalizing minor
forms of drug use refers to __________.
a. legalizing drugs
b. treating drugs and alcohol
in the same manner
c. removing criminal penalties
d. coddling criminals
True or False
1. The Uniform Crime Reports underestimate
the actual volume of criminal activity
2. The white collar criminal
is rarely thought of as a public danger
3. The primary source of protection
for the public in the United States is private security
4. Most criminals cases are tried
in jury trials
5. Capital punishment has a small
impact on crime rates
6. The 18th Amendment attempted
to outlaw the use of alcohol
7. Blacks have highest percent
of arrest for drug offenses because they are the typical drug addicts
8. Most of the prisoners on Death
Row are in Florida, Texas, and California
9. Russia has the largest prison
population
10. The greatest part of prison
budgets is spent on drug treatment
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Multiple Choice
1. c p. 306
2. d p. 308
3. a p. 308
4. d p. 315
5. c p. 309
6. b p. 312
7. c p. 314
8. d p. 322
9. d p. 325
10. b p. 322
11. a p. 308
12. b p. 309
13. d p. 313
14. d p. 319
15. d p. 311
16. b p. 312
17. d p. 320
18. c p. 325
19. b p. 327
20. d p. 326
21. b p. 328
22. d p. 321
23. c p. 324
24. c p. 310
25. c p. 319
True or False
1. T p. 308
2. T p. 315
3. T p. 320
4. F p. 321
5. T p. 325
6. T p. 318
7. F p. 318
8. T p. 324
9. F p. 325
10. F p. 329
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After reading Chapter 14, you should be able to:
1. Explain how health and illness
are socially constructed and relate how they are associated with gender,
class, and race
2. Analyze the growth of American
health care system and the domination of the medical profession
3. Assess the growth of the American
hospital with particular reference to the various types of hospitals and
the populations they serve
4. Compare and contrast the various
models of health care delivery
5. Interpret the American dilemma
of heath care: costs and coverage
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Acute Illness
A short-term condition.
Chronic Illness
A condition that takes a long time
to develop and that gets progressively worse.
Halo Effect
In medicine, reflects the stratification
system of specializations whereby the practitioner takes on the prestige
of patients.
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
A form of managed care based on prepayment
for health care by patients who agree to use member physicians and hospitals.
Life Expectancy
The number of years a person can be
expected to live depending on the year of birth.
Managed Care
A medical system in which physicians
and hospitals contract with employers to cover the health care needs of
employees for a fee agreed upon in advance.
Medicaid
A federally funded and state administered
health-care system that reimburses doctors and hospitals for services to
the poor.
Medicare
A federally administered insurance
program, funded by workers' and employees' contributions, to reimburse
providers for certain services given to older patients.
Private Nonprofit Hospital
Hospital owned and operated as a tax-exempt
nonprofit institution by a board of local civic leaders, with money being
plowed back into the hospital.
Professional Medical Model
System in which physicians make all
major decisions about health care and charge fees for service.
Proprietary Hospitals
Hospitals owned for profit, typically
serving patients who are fully insured and have uncomplicated conditions.
Public Hospitals
Hospitals owned and operated by federal,
state, or local governments.
Sick Role
A set of rights and obligations attached
to the status of being ill.
Single-Payer Medical System
Health-care system with the government
as the single payer, using funds from general tax revenue.
Social Epidemiology
The study of patterns of occurrence
of illness within a population.
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Activity #1
You are experiencing some neck pain that puzzles you. Since you have always been in good health the discomfort you feel has left you uneasy and somewhat fearful. In the past you would have visited a family physician to find out what is happening and would have believed that the physician would do anything necessary to help you.
The union where you are employed has just enrolled all members in a managed care system. What steps would you go through in order to get your neck attended to? How would you react? If you do not have faith in the system, what would be necessary for you to regain the feeling of security and trust in the health care professional you see?
If you do not have any health care insurance what would you do? Why? Assuming that at some point you do go to a health care provider, how would you feel about the care you were given?
Activity #2
TV medical programs are now very popular. Watch two episodes of any TV hospital show. Take careful notes about the interactions of the hospital staff and patients, with particular attention to issues of status, race, gender, and social class. How does the presentation of the hospital experience compare with the discussion presented in this chapter?
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Multiple Choice
1. Sociologists believe health
is __________.
a. a matter of the mind
b. biological
c. shaped in large part by culture
and society
d. individually determined
2. The study of patterns of illness
in a population is known as __________.
a. social epidemiology
b. differential mortality
c. prevalence rates
d. expectancy rates
3. Life expectancy refers to __________.
a. the life span of a species
b. social epidemiology
c. average age to death of people
born in a certain year
d. long term deterioration
4. Compared to other modern societies,
the United States __________.
a. has the longest life expectancy
b. spends less on health care
c. spends more of its GNP on
health care
d. has few M.D.'s per population
5. One hundred years ago, _____________
caused most deaths.
a. acute illnesses
b. accidents
c. chronic diseases
d. cancer
6. The Flexner Report improved
the status of _____________ in the United States.
a. nursing
b. medical education
c. minorities
d. the disabled
7. Medicaid is __________.
a. a reimbursement program for
the elderly
b. a basic right of all Americans
c. a reimbursement program for
the poor
d. a managed care initiative
8. ____________ hospitals are
operated by agencies of local government.
a. Public
b. Non-profit
c. Proprietary
d. Private
9. Which group has the highest
life expectancy?
a. white males
b. black males
c. white females
d. black females
10. A professional model
is a system where _____________ make all the decisions about health care.
a. insurance companies
b. HMOs
c. physicians
d. administrators
11. _____________ influence
the clinical judgments of mental health professionals
a. Race, ethnicity, and gender
b. Social epidemiology
c. Differential exposure
d. Stigmas
12. Women physicians are
disproportionately employed __________.
a. in solo practices
b. in the public sector
c. in specialized group practices
d. in veterans' hospitals
13. The gap between blacks
and whites is especially high for
a. cancer
b. suicide
c. infant mortality
d. Alzheimer's disease
14. A goal of the American
Nursing Association is __________.
a. greater decision making authority
b. more semi-skilled bedside
care
c. bring more males into the
profession
d. challenge the authority of
the physician
15. The only modern industrial
society without a program of publicly funded health insurance is __________.
a. Canada
b. Israel
c. United States
d. Sweden
16. Third party payers are
__________.
a. insurance companies
b. doctors
c. patients
d. hospitals
17. A doctor who works in
a proprietary hospital tends to see patients who __________.
a. are uninsured
b. are poor
c. can afford extra "perks"
d. suffer from chronic illnesses
18. The most serious challenge
to the physician's full control over treatment choices comes from __________.
a. nurses
b. the government
c. insurance companies
d. educated patients
19. _____________ has the
most number of HIV/AIDS cases.
a. The United States
b. Australia
c. Europe
d. Africa
20. Managed care programs are
designed primarily to __________.
a. reduce medical care costs
b. enhance federal responsibility
for medical care
c. elevate the status of doctors
d. provide better medical care
21. Which statement about
the U.S. hospital system is true?
a. it provides comprehensive
care for all citizens
b. medical cost are falling
c. it is essentially a preventive
system
d. care depends on one's financial
and insurance status
22. ____________ oppose
a single payer health care system.
a. The elderly
b. Welfare recipients
c. The AMA
d. Canadians who now live in
America
23. The physician becomes
a salaried employee in __________.
a. profit making chain
b. solo practice
c. veteran administration hospital
d. under Medicare
24. The quality of American
medicine is __________.
a. comparable to other industrial
nations
b. extremely high
c. declining
d. mediocre
25. All of the following
statements about an HMO are true except __________.
a. it is a form of managed care
b. patients are limited to member
physicians and hospitals
c. doctors control the system
d. patients pay monthly premium
plus a minimal co-payment for services
True or False
1. Low life expectancies are typically
related to high infant mortality
2. The major cause of death today
are chronic illnesses
3. Men are more willing to go
to a doctor than women
4. The "sick role" was described
by Talcott Parsons
5. Business interests have been
of fundamental importance in shaping the health care system in the United
States
6. Less than 10 percent of non-elderly
Americans are without any health insurance
7. The health cost reimbursement
program for the poor is Medicare
8. Ten percent of American medical
students are female
9. In 1999, the National Academy
of Sciences reported that thousands of hospital patients die from preventable
errors
10. Today, the U.S. health care
system is universal
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Multiple Choice
1. c p. 334
2. a p. 334
3. c p. 334
4. c p. 349
5. a p. 335
6. b p. 432
7. c p. 349
8. a p. 345
9. c p. 335
10. c p. 350
11. a p. 339
12. b p. 342
13. c p. 339
14. a p. 348
15. c p. 349
16. a p. 351
17. c p. 346
18. c p. 343
19. d p. 355
20. a p. 351
21. d p. 346
22. c p. 354
23. a p. 342
24. b p. 357
25. c p. 352
True or False
1. T p. 334
2. T p. 335
3. F p. 336
4. T p. 339
5. T p. 348
6. F p. 352
7. F p. 349
8. F p. 341
9. T p. 347
10. F p. 349
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After reading Chapter 15, you should
be able to:
1. Explain basic demographic
concepts
2. Analyze the interaction between
human action and the environment
3. Discuss the environmental
concerns of the 21st century
4. Summarize the pattern of internal
migration in the United States
5. Examine the historical trends
in the development, decay, and rebirth of cities
6. Describe the advantages and
disadvantages of suburban life
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Age Cohort
People born in a given set of years.
Agribusiness
A type of farming in which a few high-tech
corporations produce most of the food consumed domestically and abroad.
Air Pollution
The release of toxic (illness-producing)
material into the environment.
Amenities
Niceties such as movie houses, restaurants,
and shops.
Biodiversity
Refers to the many varieties of living
things on Earth.
Birthrate
The number of births per 1,000 population
of a society for a given year.
Carrying Capacity
The size of the population that Earth
can support.
Demographic Transition
A shift from populations kept in check
by high birthrates and high death rates to those stabilized by low birthrates
and low death rates.
Demography
The study of populations, their size
and composition, and movement from one place to another.
Environmental Racism
The practice of locating hazardous
waste in places where people of color live.
Fertility
The average number of children a woman
will have between the ages of 15 and 49.
Gated Communities
Communities walled off from the less
affluent for security and as a status symbol.
Gentrification
The migration of middle- and upper-income
people into urban centers, their displacement of lower-income residents,
and the renovation of existing housing.
Global Warming
A rise in Earth's temperatures as a
long-term result of human activity and the accumulation of gases that act
like the glass in a greenhouse, keeping moisture and heat inside.
Guestworker
A person from a country with high unemployment
who moves to an industrial society and does the work local residents do
not perform.
Human Ecology
Study of the interactions between populations
and their environments.
Indigenous
Native population.
Life Expectancy
The average number of years a person
can be expected to live.
New Urbanists
Designers of planned communities.
Nuclear Colonialism
A form of environmental racism whereby
military bases engaged in the testing of nuclear devices are located in
areas occupied by impoverished Native Americans in the Southwest.
Overpopulation
Indicates that a society lacks sufficient
resources to provide an adequate standard of living to its citizens.
Ozone Depletion
The erosion of the layer of ozone protecting
people from the sun's cancer-producing ultraviolet rays.
Population Pyramid
A graphic representation of the age
and sex distribution of a society's population.
Redlining
Banks' refusal to give loans and mortgages
to people or businesses in rundown or transitional areas of a city.
Second Demographic Revolution
When declining birthrates outstrip
falling death rates to the extent that there is a net population loss.
Urban Crisis
The decay of inner cities, stemming
from the exclusion of persons of color from decent housing and well-paying
jobs.
Urbane
Adjective to describe the modern spirit,
which is sophisticated, literate, dynamic, and secular; nurtures artistic
impulses; stimulates the mind through contrasts, and encourages tolerance
of differences.
Urbanism
A way of life marked by impersonal,
formal, and instrumental relationships, greater privacy, and more choices.
Urbanization
The process whereby villages become
towns and towns grow into cities.
Zero Population Growth
Fertility of about 2.1 offspring, that
is required to replace the parental couple.
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Activity #1
You live in a society that has a very high birth rate and where the resources of the country can not sustain such a high birth rate. You have been given full control over the growth of the population.
A. What are five strategies available
to you if you wanted to limit the birth rate?
B. Which of the five strategies
selected by you would be acceptable, or unacceptable, to the current U.S.
government? To organized religion? Why?
Activity #2
You are mayor of a large city and want to be reelected. Like many cities you have lost much of your ratables over the past few years
A. Identify four major urban problems
facing your city. Be specific.
B. Prioritize these problems
and propose realistic working solutions to each of the problems you identified.
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Multiple Choice
1. Demography is the study of
__________.
a. personality
b. politics
c. economics
d. population trends
2. The primary cause of the population
explosion in 18th century Europe was __________.
a. cessation of war
b. infertility treatments
c. decline in infant mortality
d. increase in medical professionals
3. The greatest population growth
will take place in __________.
a. industrialized nations
b. postindustrial nations
c. less developed regions
d. all parts of the world
4. People in poor nations have
many children for all of the following reasons except __________.
a. children are an economic asset
b. children can provide security
in old age
c. high fertility is seen as
a sign of male potency
d. women have growing degrees
of social and personal power
5. The country with the highest
life expectancy is __________.
a. the United States
b. Afghanistan
c. Russia
d. Japan
6. The age structure of a society
can be seen in __________.
a. fertility rates
b. life expectancy
c. population pyramids
d. demographic revolutions
7. Comparing the population pyramids
of more developed and less developed countries, we notice that __________.
a. a similar pattern emerges
b. less developed countries have
a higher proportion of old people
c. more developed countries have
a higher proportion of old people
d. there is a large gender gap
8. _____________ was concerned
with the imbalance between population growth and food supply.
a. Karl Marx
b. Max Weber
c. Thomas Malthus
d. Talcott Parsons
9. Which group in the United States
is disproportionately exposed to ecological hazards?
a. farm workers
b. urban dwellers
c. wealthy suburbanites
d. Native Americans living on
reservations
10. Factors that influence
population growth: birth rates, death rates, and net migration are __________.
a. ecological variables
b. population pyramids
c. demographic variables
d. constants
11. The number of births
per 1,000 population in a given society in a given year is called the __________.
a. fertility rate
b. birthrate
c. mortality rate
d. ZPG
12. Factors pushing people
to migrate include all of the following except __________.
a. war
b. poverty
c. unemployment
d. fertility
13. Much of the starvation
and misery in the less developed countries is the result of __________.
a. internal politics
b. biodiversity
c. carrying capacity
d. global warming
14. In the United States,
government programs to aid farmers __________.
a. provide assistance to family
farmers
b. have resulted in a return
to rural areas
c. benefit a few high tech companies
d. have revitalized rural life
15. The "ruburbs" are __________.
a. outlying suburbs
b. new urban centers
c. farmlands replaced by retirement
communities
d. gentrified urban areas
16. Gesellschafts are characterized
by all of the following except __________.
a. privacy
b. instrumental relationships
c. more choices
d. greater intimacy
17. All of the following
led to the residential development of suburbs except __________.
a. the automobile
b. availability of home mortgage
loans
c. highways
d. growth of industrial jobs
18. Restrictive covenants
forbid __________.
a. sales of homes to certain
groups
b. internal migration from the
South
c. gentrification
d. urban sprawl
19. American apartheid refers
to __________.
a. segregated schools
b. residential segregation
c. job discrimination
d. racism
20. A major drawback to
gentrification is __________.
a. the lack of amenities
b. poor housing stock
c. high crime rates
d. failure to build adequate
housing for displaced minorities
21. The New Urbanists are
__________.
a. yuppies who are part of the
gentrification process
b. senior citizens who have sold
their suburban homes
c. architects of planned communities
d. displaced farmers
22. Redlining refers to
__________.
a. bank policies that deny loans
to people living in rundown or transitional areas
b. attempts to restore waterfront
areas
c. residential segregation
d. inequitable school funding
23. The "new frontier" in
industrial and office development is __________.
a. the central city
b. older suburbs
c. rural areas on the urban fringe
d. Canada
24. Which of the these is
not a component of rural poverty?
a. extended public health services
b. loss of jobs
c. exodus of young people
d. lack of tourism
25. Which of these is not
an appeal of suburban life?
a. safe streets
b. large homes
c. homogenous community
d. extensive public transportation
systems
True or False
1. Human ecology refers to the
study of people and their physical environment.
2. The world's population today
is approximately 10 billion people
3. Replacement level fertility
is approximately 3.0 children
4. Overpopulation occurs when
there is an imbalance between people and resources
5. The "greenhouse effect" refers
to potential global warming
6. The "carrying capacity" of
the earth is a fixed number
7. Approximately 15 percent of
U.S. workers are engaged in farming
8. Coal and oil are unrenewable
sources of energy
9. Rural America is marked by
poverty
10. The term "gemeinschaft" describes
urban life
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Multiple Choice
1. d p. 362
2. c p. 363
3. c p. 363
4. d p. 363
5. d p. 367
6. c p. 368
7. c p. 368
8. c p. 370
9. d p. 375
10. c p. 363
11. b p. 365
12. d p. 368
13. a p. 369
14. c p. 377
15. c p. 377
16. d p. 378
17. d p. 379
18. a p. 379
19. b p. 381
20. d p. 382
21. c p. 383
22. a p. 381
23. c p. 377
24. a p. 377
25. d p. 382
True or False
1. T p. 362
2. F p. 362
3. F p. 366
4. T p. 369
5. T p. 372
6. F p. 371
7. F p. 377
8. T p. 374
9. T p. 377
10. F p. 378
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After reading Chapter 16, you should
be able to:
1. Define social change and summarize
the external and internal sources of change
2. Compare and contrast the theories
of social change
3. Analyze the master trends
of Globalization and Modernization
4. Discuss the models of collective
behavior
5. Classify social movements
and differentiate among the phases of a social movement
6. Assess the societal impact
of three contemporary social movements: the Civil Rights Movement, the
New Feminist Movement, and the White Supremacist Movement
7. Analyze the impact of technology
on society
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Civil Disobedience
Peaceful refusal to obey an unjust
law.
Cohort Flow
The movement of people born in a given
time period across their life course.
Colonialism
The forcible conquering of traditional
societies by Western nations in search of cheap raw material and/or political
pride.
Co-Optation
A way to neutralize a social movement
where establishment institutions claim to embrace movement goals and bring
activists into leadership roles.
Cyclical Theories
Theories of social change based on
the view that society resembles a living organism going through phases
of growth and decline.
Differentiation
Increasing specialization; a basic
process in the development of cultural complexity.
Diffusion
The process by which cultural norms
and values are spread from one society to another.
Emergent Quality
The possibility of a number of different
outcomes of crowd behavior.
Emotional Contagion
Early theoretical view of how the intensity
of crowds develops.
Ethnic Cleansing
See Genocide.
Evolutionary Models
Theories of social change that see
human history as a unidirectional upward path from savagery to civilization.
Genocide
The systematic, intentional killing
of an entire population.
Goal Displacement
Displacement of a movement's original
goals with the goal of simply maintaining the organization.
Holocaust
The mass extermination of six million
Jews and another five million people designated genetically inferior or
who were political enemies of the Nazi regime in Germany between 1941 and
1945.
Innovation
Refers to new items of culture, discoveries,
or inventions.
Modernization
A master historical trend involving
industrialization, urbanization, and secularization.
Nationalism
A consciousness of shared identity
among the members of a politically distinct territory.
Neo-Evolutionary Models
Theories of social change that see
increases in cultural and societal complexity but do not make value judgments
about the superiority of one society over another.
Relative Deprivation
A sense that one is being unfairly
treated in comparison to others thought to be one's equals.
Social Change
The process through which values, norms,
institutions, stratification systems, social relationships, and even the
self are altered over time.
Resource Mobilization Model
Emphasizes the organizational supports
required for social movement success.
Value Added Model
A detailed theory of the emergent nature
of crowds; specifies six conditions that are necessary and sufficient to
produce collective behavior.
World Social System
Increased cooperation and trade across
national boundaries and a rapid spread of information and technology.
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Activity # 1
A. List four social changes you
think will directly affect your life in the next fifteen years.
B. Describe how a sociological
perspective can help you understand and cope with each change on your list.
Activity #2
You may be part of different crowds on a daily basis. Select one of these crowds?
A. What type of crowd were you
part of?
B. Analyze the crowd using the
value added model and explain how your crowd came to be and what happened
to it.
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Multiple Choice
1. _______________ is an external
source of change.
a. Innovation
b. Cohort flow
c. Population shifts
d. Cultural contact
2. _______________ is an example
of an internal source of change.
a. Warfare
b. Innovation
c. Cultural contact
d. Environmental events
3. Economic colonialism refers
to __________.
a. conquering of traditional
societies by Western nations
b. genocide
c. using military force to protect
commercial interests
d. exploiting the working class
4. Ethnic cleansing involves actions
similar to __________.
a. colonialism
b. population shifts
c. cohort flow
d. genocide
5. A _____________ model of change
sees human history as moving in an upward direction.
a. evolutionary
b. neo-evolutionary
c. incremental
d. cyclical
6. Evolutionary models rationalized
__________.
a. culture wars
b. feminism
c. colonialism
d. inclusive political participation
7. Modernization in the West is
associated with __________.
a. fundamentalism
b. industrialization
c. nationalism
d. collective behavior
8. A coup is an example of a(n)
__________.
a. silent revolution
b. incremental change
c. revolutionary change
d. mass hysteria
9. Which is not characteristic
of mass hysteria, panics, and crazes?
a. all are examples of collective
behavior
b. unpredictability
c. short term behavior
d. highly structured
10. A social movement that
seeks make changes within the existing system is a ____________ movement.
a. reform
b. revolutionary
c. resistance
d. utopian
11. The hippies of the 1960s
are an example of a ______________ movement.
a. reform
b. revolutionary
c. resistance
d. utopian
12. Developing nations in
the Third World specialize in __________.
a. service industries
b. labor intensive industries
c. high technology
d. free trade
13. The Christian Patriots
are attempting to alert Americans about the dangers from all of the following
except __________.
a. gays
b. Jews
c. the NRA
d. communists
14. The fate of social movements
depends on __________.
a. the virtue of its goals
b. ability to mobilize resources
c. feelings of discontent
d. agitation
15. The legal basis for
the civil rights movement was __________.
a. the Civil War
b. the abolition of slavery
c. Rosa Parks' refusal to give
up her seat
d. the 1954 Supreme Court decision
that segregated schools were unconstitutional
16. The digital divide refers
to disparities in __________.
a. social behavior
b. access to computers
c. access to higher education
d. resistance movements
17. Skinheads tend to be
drawn from __________.
a. lower working class
b. middle class
c. upper class
d. minorities
18. The term "sexism" focused
issues for feminists and helped define the cause as one of __________.
a. consciousness raising
b. civil rights
c. personal failure
d. technological shifts
19. The "New Klan" appeals
to blue and white collar working people who see themselves as victims of
__________.
a. resistance movements
b. the digital divide
c. reverse discrimination
d. unfair publicity
20. A social movement can
be neutralized by a process of __________.
a. cooperation
b. routinization
c. centralization
d. co-optation
21. Nonviolent protest activity
is called __________.
a. civil rights
b. civil disobedience
c. civility
d. civil service
22. A recent national survey
found that the more time people spent on line, __________.
a. the better their school performance
b. the more satisfied they were
with life
c. the less time they spent interacting
with real people
d. the more creative they became
23. All of the following
are potential problems relating to the Internet except __________.
a. commercialization of cyberspace
b. privacy
c. censorship
d. culture wars
24. The new supremacists
are more powerful now than in the past because of __________.
a. anti-immigration sentiment
b. alienation
c. technological developments
that permit instant communication
d. the gun lobby
25. The successes of the
feminist movement have lead to __________.
a. a backlash
b. the removal of all barriers
to equality
c. significantly lower levels
of violence against women
d. the elimination of the glass
ceiling
True or False
1. The original sabotage occurred
as resistance to technological changes
2. Modernization is a master
trend of recent history
3. Economic colonialism refers
to the practice of using military forces to protect commercial interests
4. Incremental change never meets
with resistance
5. The global economy has resulted
in a high level of equality
6. Social movements are spontaneous
forms of social behavior
7. Revolutionary movements advocate
change within the existing system
8. According to the resource
mobilization model of social movements success depends on the merits of
the cause
9. Transnational corporations
are businesses with global markets and branches beholden to no one government
10. Goal displacement occurs when an
social movement achieves its goals
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Multiple Choice
1. d p. 388
2. b p. 388
3. c p. 389
4. d p. 389
5. a p. 391
6. c p. 391
7. b p. 393
8. c p. 391
9. d p. 395
10. a p. 399
11. d p. 399
12. b p. 395
13. c p. 405
14. b p. 398
15. d p. 402
16. b p. 408
17. a p. 406
18. b p. 404
19. c p. 405
20. c p. 400
21. b p. 403
22. c p. 407
23. d p. 408
24. c p. 406
25. a p. 404
True or False
1. T p. 391
2. T p. 393
3. T p. 389
4. F p. 391
5. F p. 395
6. F p. 396
7. F p. 399
8. F p. 398
9. T p. 395
10. F p. 400
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