Student Study Guide
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Chapter 16: Learning
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Chapter 7: Drawing Distinctions: Gendered Inequality
After reading Chapter 7, you should
be able to:
1. Explain the nature of gender
stratification and differentiate between the biological and the sociological
views of sex differences
2. Analyze the sociological model
of gendered inequality
3. Examine how people are socialized
into gendered inequality
4. Evaluate the system of gendered
inequality: power, prestige, property
5. Understand how gender inequality
is created and maintained in work and education
6. Understand how the New Feminist
movement has changed the lives of men and women
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Cognitive Structures
Shape how the mind processes information.
Comparable Worth
See Pay Equity.
Gender Wage Gap
The discrepancy between average earnings
of women and men.
Gendered Inequality
Differences between men and women in
the distribution of power and prestige.
Glass Ceiling
Blocks the way to the very top jobs
for women and minorities.
Glass Escalator
Takes men in predominantly female occupations
on the fast track to promotions.
Patriarchy
The rule of men, or male dominance.
Pay Equity, or Comparable Worth
The principle that people who hold
jobs requiring similar levels of training, skill, and responsibility should
receive similar wages.
Sex-segregated Jobs
Concentration of men or women in a
given occupation or in particular jobs within an occupation.
Tokenism
The appointment or promotion of one
or two "outsiders" to visible positions, done for display
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Activity #1
You are a researcher who has a reasonable amount of money to use to study age and sex differences in attitudes towards gender issues. You will want to compare younger peoples' attitudes with those who are middle aged.
A. List three gender issues which
you would like to focus on.
B. What would your hypothesis
be?
C. List ten questions you feel need
to be asked.
Activity #2
Both men and women have tended over the years to accept the idea that women are inferior to men in a wide variety of ways. The notion has been used to justify paying women lower wages, denying them work or admission to various institutions, such as education, religion, the military, etc. The set of beliefs about the natural inferiority of women and the natural superiority of men is the basis of sexism, which is an ideology that makes inequality seem to be socially right and proper.
A. List three ways women and men
believe in sexist ideas.
B. In everyday interactions,
sexism is often subtle but evident. List three interactions between you
and the opposite sex where the behavior (in hindsight) could be considered
sexist.
C. Describe one situation involving
sexual harassment that, no matter how subtle, you have observed.
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Multiple Choice
1. Gendered inequality is based
upon the __________.
a. innate differences in intelligence
b. differential evaluation of
males and females
c. biological differences in
health status
d. emotional dependency of women
2. Femininity is __________.
a. a constructed reality
b. a biological given
c. a universal impulse
d. an erotic identity
3. Which society is characterized
by the highest level of male dominance?
a. hunting and gathering
b. agricultural
c. industrial
d. postindustrial
4. Patriarchy is best explained
by __________.
a. superior male genetics
b. the dominant Y chromosome
c. characteristics of culture
and social structure
d. evolutionary drives
5. Differential socialization
refers to __________.
a. the distinctive impact of
parents, peers and teachers in the socialization process
b. the conflict between "I" and
the "me"
c. the distinctive way males
and females are socialized
d. the impact of personality
differences
6. The gendered use of space is
an example of __________.
a. macro-level processes
b. the power of primary groups
c. micro-level processes
d. human capital
7. Which of the following is not
a "human capital" characteristic?
a. education
b. training
c. race
d. leadership
8. Which of the following is not
a major barrier to women's achieving positions of power?
a. the glass ceiling
b. child care obligations
c. exclusion from informal networks
d. the glass escalator
9. The most powerful obstacle
for women in achieving power is __________.
a. lack of ambition
b. underdeveloped leadership
style
c. poor socialization
d. bearing primary responsibility
for children
10. In 1999, women comprised
___________ of directors of major American companies.
a. one quarter
b. 18 percent
c. 11 percent
d. 2 percent
11. In higher education women
faculty are clustered in the __________.
a. low prestige departments
b. higher ranks
c. physical sciences
d. elite colleges
12. Women find ______________
employment is characterized by less discrimination and harassment.
a. corporate sector
b. the Fortune 500 companies
c. public sector
d. small business
13. Despite the educational
gains made by women, ____________ remains a field with very low numbers
of women.
a. medicine
b. law
c. engineering
d. theology
14. Pay equity refers to __________.
a. equal pay for the same work
b. nontraditional employment
c. faster promotions for women
workers
d. similar pay for comparable
work
15. ______________ women
have always had high labor force participation rates.
a. Educated
b. African American
c. Wealthy
d. Suburban
16. Cross culturally a prime measure
of gender equality is __________.
a. the number of women holding
political office
b. the percentage of women in
the labor force
c. rate at which women attend
school
d. the percentage of women in
poverty
17. Today, women comprise __________
of all college students.
a. 60 percent
b. 50 percent
c. 40 percent
d. 30 percent
18. Full time working women
earn about _________ for every dollar earned by a man.
a. 95 cents
b. 85 cents
c. 70 cents
d. 50 cents
19. Which of the following
trends has not enhanced the status of American women?
a. the New Feminist Movement
b. higher fertility
c. college entrance
d. labor force participation
20. The concept of masculinity
__________.
a. refers to a single set of
behaviors
b. is biologically determined
c. varies by race, ethnicity
and social class
d. cross culturally remains constant
is hours worked
21. In 2000, the United Nations
endorsed a campaign to __________.
a. to provide free public education
for all women
b. to end homicidal violence
against women in societies where the culture encourage it
c. to change the cultural norms
of traditional nations
d. to provide equal health care
for men and women
22. The fact that most teachers
are women, and students are expected to sit still and wait to be called
on, lead to the __________.
a. feminized environment of elementary
schools
b. discipline of the elementary
education
c. gender neutrality of the school
setting
d. higher self esteem of girls
23. The movement for women's
rights __________.
a. is limited to industrial nations
b. is worldwide
c. is irrelevant in Third World
nations
d. has no impact in Muslim nations
24. Those who speak of a
"post-feminist" generation believe __________.
a. the goals of the feminist
movement have been achieved
b. women reject the goals of
the movement
c. that there is much to lose
and little to gain from change
d. patriarchy is biologically
determined
25. Male bonding groups
stress __________.
a. creating emotional closeness
with women
b. building emotional support
with men
c. reject the notion of male
sensitivity
d. developing a powerful stance
at work
True or False
1. Gendered stereotyping does
not begin until adolescence
2. Women have been long term
participants in the labor force
3. In general girls have a lower
self esteem than boys
4. Some of the gender wage gap
can be attributed to employers failure to deal with the duties that come
with motherhood
5. Masculinity is socially constructed,
varies from one culture to the next and varies over time
6. The New Feminist Movement
is characterized by specific goals limited to educational institutions
7. The gender wage gap refers
to the discrepancy between the average earnings of men and women
8. Both men and women experience
the "glass ceiling" when they enter fields that had been dominated by the
other sex
9. A core element in the definition
of masculinity is power
10. The Promise Keepers organization
is dedicated to revising traditional power relationships within the family
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Multiple Choice
1. b p. 162
2. a p. 162
3. b p. 165
4. c p. 164
5. c p. 166
6. c p. 167
7. c p. 167
8. d p. 168
9. d p. 169
10. c p. 168
11. a p. 170
12. c p. 170
13. c p. 170
14. d p. 173
15. b p. 172
16. c p. 173
17. a p. 174
18. c p. 173
19. b p. 175
20. c p. 176
21. b p. 176
22. a p. 174
23. b p. 175
24. c p. 176
25. b p. 178
True or False
1. F p. 165
2. F p. 172
3. T p. 166
4. T p. 173
5. T p. 176
6. F p. 175
7. T p. 173
8. F p. 169
9. T p. 177
10. F p. 177
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After reading Chapter 8, you should
be able to:
1. Understand the historical
and cross cultural development of family systems
2. Explain the characteristics
and meaning of modern marriage and family systems
3. Explain the basis of family
violence
4. Describe contemporary patterns
of family and household diversity, including African-American families,
cohabiters, domestic partners single parent families, dual earner families
5. Understand the changing family
life cycle
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Blended Family
Unit created when divorced parents
remarry and are joined by her children and his children.
Cohabitation
Nonmarried persons sharing living quarters.
Commuter Marriages
A couple whose career opportunities
require them to live in different places.
Domestic Partners
Persons who live together in a committed
relationship recognized by the state.
Dual Career Couples
Both partners have a career.
Dual Earner Families
Both partners are in the labor force.
Egalitarianism
The reduction of power differences
between husband and wife and between parents and children.
Extended Family
A unit composed of related households
(often involving three or more generations) sharing economic tasks and
providing support in illness and old age.
Family System
A society's set of rules and roles
that govern mate selection and marriage.
Heterogamy
The tendency to select a marriage partner
of a different race, religion, ethnicity, or social class.
Homogamy
The tendency to select a marriage partner
who shares your characteristics, such as race, religion, ethnicity, and
social class.
Incest Taboos
Rules that forbid sexual relations
among blood relatives.
Matrifocal
Families centered on the woman.
Nuclear Family
A unit composed of a married couple
and their dependent children.
Principle of Legitimacy (social fatherhood)
Principle holding one man, the husband,
responsible for his wife's children, whether or not he is their biological
father.
Rule of Reciprocity
Principle of social life dictating
that if a gift is received, the receiver is obligated to return something
of equal value.
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Activity # 1
Listen to a radio station which plays music geared to teens and young people and take note of the lyrics of four songs. Then tune to a station which plays "golden oldies" and make notes of the lyrics of four songs that are played on that station.
A. Identify the name of the song
and then compare the major themes of the lyrics for each station.
Teen songs
Golden Oldies
B. What value is each song promoting?
Teen Songs
Golden Oldies
Activity #2
Make a list of your living relatives. Describe how often you deal with each on a face to face basis, how emotionally close you feel to each, what support you offer to each, and what activities you pursue together. Use this list to analyze how important kinship is in your life.
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Multiple Choice
1. The modern family is specialized
for __________.
a. production
b. emotional support
c. instrumental functions
d. moral education
2. A rule that prohibits sexual
relations between people defined as being related to each other is called
__________.
a. a principle of reciprocity
b. a principle of legitimacy
c. an incest taboo
d. homogamy.
3. As societies become modern,
the functions of the family __________.
a. are enhanced
b. remain the same
c. are reduced
d. are limited to production
4. _______________ has emerged
as the only legitimate rationale for mate selection in modern societies.
a. Economic security
b. Duty to kin
c. Romantic love
d. Principle of legitimacy
5. An increasing number of marriages
are heterogamous with respect to all of the following except __________.
a. ethnicity
b. religion
c. race
d. geographical origin
6. Family violence __________.
a. cuts across all class lines
b. is strongly associated with
low SES
c. is characteristically low
in extremely religious communities
d. rarely occurs if one experienced
family violence as a child
7. The increased attention paid
to domestic violence illustrates the __________.
a. increase in all forms of violence
in the United States
b. effectiveness of law enforcement
c. changing norms of acceptable
discipline
d. vulnerability of American
men
8. The greatest consequence of
divorce for women is __________.
a. economic
b. emotional
c. social death
d. stigmatization
9. The idealized image of the
family with two parents, young children, and a husband as major breadwinner
accounts for ________ of all families.
a. one half
b. one quarter
c. 15 percent
d. 7 percent
10. Low income African-American
families tend to be __________.
a. matriarchal
b. patriarchal
c. matrifocal
d. egalitarian
11. Compared to their
white counterparts, the middle class African-American family is characterized
by __________.
a. heterogamy
b. matriarchy
c. egalitarianism
d. familism
12. The new statistical norm in
the United States is __________.
a. single parent families
b. extended families
c. living alone
d. dual earner families
13. A domestic partnership refers
to __________.
a. a family system based on economic
considerations
b. a family where both members
work at home
c. people who live together in
a committed relationship and have the same legal benefits as married couple
d. heterosexual cohabiters
14. While 75 percent of
white children live with two parents, only _____ of African-American
children do.
a. 50 percent
b. 45 percent
c. 36 percent
d. 30 percent
15. Few American men or
women take advantage of the U.S. Family Leave Act because __________.
a. you can be fired
b. you can lose a promotion when
you return
c. the leave is unpaid
d. the workplace is generally
flexible about time off
16. Remarriage often creates
families of biological parents, stepparents and children that are called
________ families.
a. matrifocal
b. dysfunctional
c. extended
d. blended
17. The greatest change
in the division of family labor indicates men have increased responsibility
for __________.
a. homemaking
b. care of elderly parents
c. child care
d. finances
18. Compared to 1970, the
percent of American households composed of a family __________.
a. has declined
b. has risen
c. stayed the same
d. declined only for Latinos
19. One way modern families
differ from traditional families is in the reduction of power differences,
this is called __________.
a. equity
b. egalitarianism
c. equality
d. bilateral kinship
20. One variable that distinguishes
young cohabiters from noncohabiters is __________.
a. level of education
b. race
c. religiosity
d. SES
21. It is projected that
___________ percent of people will cohabit at some point in their life
course.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 25
d. 40
22. The empty nest phase of the family
cycle is __________.
a. unique to preindustrial society
b. one consequence of longer
life expectancy
c. related to higher fertility
rates
d. shorter than in the past
23. Families composed of
children from previous and current marriages are known as _____________
families.
a. nuclear
b. extended
c. unstable
d. blended
24. Incest taboos are __________.
a. the same across cultures
b. psychological constructs
c. rules that regulate sexual
behavior in a family
d. related to obligations incurred
upon receiving a gift
25. The U.S. Family Leave
Policy __________.
a. is comparable to that of other
industrialized nations
b. provides income and social
services to workers who take time off to care for a newborn or sick relative
c. covers only 30 percent of
the labor force
d. has been in existence for
over 50 years
True or False
1. Biological fatherhood and social
fatherhood are synonymous
2. The rule of reciprocity obligates
one who receives gift
3. Marriage is more beneficial
to men than to women in terms of mental health
4. The vast majority of divorced
people will never remarry
5. Homogamy refers to same sex
marriages
6. A career has greater demands
on time, energy and commitment than a job
7. Most divorces in the United
States occur after 10 years of marriage
8. Most divorced women receive
alimony
9. Modern mate selection follows
the rules of reciprocity
10. The shortage of eligibles
is most acute for African American women
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Multiple Choice
1. b p. 186
2. c p. 184
3. c p. 186
4. c p. 187
5. c p. 188
6. c p. 192
7. c p. 192
8. a p. 194
9. d p. 196
10. c p. 198
11. c p. 198
12. c p. 196
13. c p. 199
14. c p. 200
15. c p. 202
16. d p. 195
17. c p. 202
18. a p. 196
19. b p. 191
20. c p. 198
21. d p. 198
22. b p. 204
23. d p. 195
24. c p. 184
25. c p. 202
True or False
1. F p. 185
2. T p. 184
3. T p. 191
4. F p. 195
5. F p. 188
6. T p. 203
7. F p. 194
8. F p. 194
9. F p. 187
10. T p. 190
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After reading Chapter 9, you should
be able to:
1. Understand the elements of
an economic system and its relationship to a society's mode of subsistence
2. Define the essentials of contemporary
economic systems: capitalism and socialism, and characterize the impact
of these systems on postindustrial society
3. Analyze the changing organization
of work in terms of its impact on the American labor force
4. Discuss the historical development
of the American labor movement and its contemporary agenda
5. Understand the domination
of corporate organizations within the American economic system
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Affirmative Action
Policies adopted by the federal government
in an attempt to reduce race and sex discrimination in the workplace.
Alienation
A worker's sense of powerlessness,
of being cut off from his or her labor, from others, and eventually from
oneself.
Automation
The replacing of workers with machines.
Capitalism
An economic system based on free enterprise
with minimal public supervision or intervention.
Contingent Labor Force
Workers hired on a temporary basis
and other services outsourced to independent contractors.
Core Sector
The part of the economy consisting
of major industries, large investments in plants and equipment, unionized
labor, monopolies, and high profits.
Corporate Welfare
Financial supports, subsidies, and
tax breaks given to corporations by the government.
Corporation
A formal organization that is a legal
actor in its own right and that can enter into contracts, accumulate assets
or debts, and go bankrupt without individual owners, managers, or employees
being held responsible.
Division of Labor
Work organization in which tasks are
divided into distinct parts, each part to be performed by one person or
a group of people.
Dual Economy
Economic system that contains both
a core sector of major capital-intensive industries (automobiles, pharmaceuticals)
and a peripheral sector composed of labor-intensive, low-profit businesses
(clothing manufacturing, retail stores).
ESOP
Employee stock ownership plans, in
which workers own shares in the company as part of a benefit program.
Job Autonomy
The ability to make decisions about
the pacing and sequencing of one's work, with minimal supervision.
Lean Production
A recent trend in manufacturing that
involves minimal inventory, raw materials shipped just in time and only
in the needed quantity, and use of the fewest workers, who are continually
moved around so that no time is lost.
Market System
Economic system in which the value
of goods and services is determined by supply and demand factors.
Peripheral Sector
The part of the economy composed of
smaller, competitive, low-profit firms, employing low-pay, nonunion manual
workers.
Postindustrial
An economy characterized by an expanding
service sector and the importance of knowledge over mechanical skills.
Private Interests
Market forces that are primarily guided
by individuals, families, or corporations.
Privatization
The turning over of previously public
or governmental functions to private, profit-making businesses.
Public Interest
Market forces that are primarily regulated
by government agencies for the benefit of all.
Quality Circle
Groups of workers and supervisors who
meet and talk about production problems.
Rule of Reciprocity
Norm that obligates the receiver of
a gift to return something of equal value at a later time.
Services
Economic activity that includes information
processing, medical care, government administration, banking, teaching,
law enforcement, etc. as opposed to the production of goods.
Socialism
An economic system in which the means
of production are collectively owned and the distribution of goods and
services is guided by public needs.
Split, or Segmented, Labor Market
The pool of workers differentiated
by race and gender, with core workers being white men and peripheral workers
being primarily women, minorities, and immigrants.
State Socialism
An economic system with extensive and
generous welfare systems while the ownership of production remains in private
hands.
Underground Economy
Informal labor force of people who
work "off the books" for cash, with no reporting of income.
Workplace Democracy
Where the workers actually manage,
and in some cases own, the business.
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Activity #1
Over the past few decades there has been a dramatic change in the type of work in which the labor force has engaged. Many people in the work force are engaging in producing goods and services that did not exist ten years ago.
A. List eight products which did
not exist ten years ago.
B. List ten types of service
jobs which did not exist ten years ago.
Activity #2
It has been suggested that the American capitalist system should become more socialist. There should be an income level below which people are not allowed to fall. If they did, they would receive a stipend from the government. Tax rates would be substantially higher. Health care, and education through college would be free. Do you think such a system would work in America? How do you personally feel about such a restructuring?
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Multiple Choice
1. The belief that the economic
sector is basic to all other social institutions is the foundation of the
work of __________.
a. Karl Marx
b. Max Weber
c. Emile Durkheim
d. Georg Simmel
2. The market system rules the
distribution of goods and services in __________.
a. modern society
b. hunting and gathering societies
c. all societies
d. barter societies
3. Private ownership of the means
of production characterizes __________.
a. socialist society
b. capitalist society
c. gathering bands
d. horticultural society
4. When compared to citizens of
other countries, U.S. citizens pay __________.
a. the highest taxes
b. the lowest taxes
c. the fairest taxes
d. the most progressive taxes
5. A large service sector is a
characteristic of a _____________ economy.
a. agricultural
b. horticultural
c. industrial
d. postindustrial
6. A sense of powerlessness is
known as __________.
a. alienation
b. gemeinschaft
c. reciprocity
d. goal displacement
7. Socialism refers to __________.
a. having many friends
b. learning one's roles
c. collective ownership of production
d. patterns of consumption
8. ESOP's are an example of __________.
a. job autonomy
b. alienation
c. employee involvement
d. lean production
9. Occupations with the largest
job growth are __________.
a. agricultural
b. industrial
c. service related
d. in the public sector
10. Workers who are
union members __________.
a. is highest in the public sector
b. is highest in the private
sector
c. is irrelevant in capitalist
society
d. is at an all time high of
45 percent
11. The distinction between
the core and the peripheral sectors is known as __________.
a. state socialism
b. a segmented labor market
c. underemployment
d. the dual economy
12. Which of these does
not describe an employment trend in the 21st century?
a. services will be outsourced
b. more jobs will be part time
c. more jobs will be temporary
d. there will be a growth in
pink collar jobs
13. The government's attempt
to reduce sex and race discrimination in the workplace is known as __________.
a. state socialism
b. creeping socialism
c. dual economy
d. affirmative action
14. The underground economy
is composed of __________.
a. immigrants
b. alienated workers
c. people who work for cash
d. contingent workers
15. A split or segmented
labor market __________.
a. is crucial for the existence
of the underground economy
b. is based on the unionization
of all workers
c. has very low unemployment
d. draws workers from different
labor pools
16. Underemployed workers
are __________.
a. overqualified for their jobs
b. not qualified for their jobs
c. part time employees
d. exist only in the service
sector
17. Tax breaks given to
corporations by the government is known as __________.
a. privatization
b. corporate welfare
c. downsizing
d. corporate culture
18. Corporate middle management
tends to be ________________ than the top of the corporate hierarchy.
a. more gendered
b. more diverse
c. more cultured
d. more philanthropic
19. In corporate America
the ideal worker is really thought of as __________.
a. the most qualified
b. most highly skilled
c. male
d. most submissive
20. Privatization refers
to __________.
a. downsizing
b. turning over public functions
to profit making businesses
c. capitalism
d. ESOPs
21. Quality circles are
attempts __________.
a. to increase employee involvement
b. to increase productivity
c. to increase the quality of
services
d. reduce inequality
22. American labor unions
have __________.
a. reduced inequality in society
b. won benefits only for their
members
c. won victories on behalf of
all working people
d. been strong and consistent
voice for equity
23. The Savings and Loan
(S&L) bailout is an example of __________.
a. corporate culture
b. quality circles
c. community involvement
d. corporate welfare
24. Corporate managers today
are typically from __________.
a. the sales division
b. the marketing division
c. the personnel area
d. financial management
25. Which of the following
is characteristic of the American economic scene?
a. the power of labor unions
b. the growth of state socialism
c. the domination of corporate
interests
d. the representation of labors'
interests by a distinct political party
True or False
1. Underemployed refers to part
time workers
2. The United States has the
most extensive and generous welfare system
3. In a capitalist system, decisions
are based on concern for the public interest
4. Automation refers to the displacement
of some factory labor with a machine
5. The primary determinant of
worker satisfaction is job autonomy
6. The movement to organize workers
has been strongly supported by all levels of government
7. The majority of U.S. workers
are employed in small businesses
8. Business organizations display
little gender inequality
9. The core sector is labor intensive
10. Organized labor is the most
powerful part in the American economy
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Multiple Choice
1. a p. 208
2. a p. 211
3. b p. 211
4. b p. 212
5. d p. 212
6. a p. 215
7. c p. 212
8. c p. 216
9. c p. 210
10. a p. 218
11. d p. 220
12. d p. 218
13. d p. 220
14. c p. 215
15. d p. 220
16. a p. 209
17. b p. 223
18. b p. 225
19. c p. 225
20. b p. 213
21. a p. 216
22. c p. 219
23. d p. 223
24. d p. 225
25. c p. 223
True or False
1. F p. 209
2. F p. 211
3. F p. 211
4. T p. 215
5. T p. 215
6. F p. 217
7. T p. 223
8. F p. 225
9. F p. 220
10. F p. 219
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Essential Sociologist Dedicated Page
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